Engineering is the term applied to the profession of knowledge of natural and mathematical aspects. A successful Engineer not only gains his knowledge through books but also through his experience and practices. You will be well aware of the fact that there are many fields of Engineering, and all of them are equally important. Civil Engineering plays a vital role in a countrys development. The Civil engineers are the professionals who are trained in pure and applied sciences to deal with the construction of Dams, Bridges, Tunnels, Thermal Plants, Highways, Airport runways, homes and other commercial structures.

Greece the Land of Engineers:

You will be well aware of the fact that the Greeks were the pioneers of construction. Civil Engineering was born as early between 4000 and 2000 BC. ” “, the Greek word which stands for Civil Engineer was the first representation. Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), is a remarkable construction by the civil Engineers of the Greek period. Even today the Civil Engineers of Greece are well known for their outstanding construction skills.

Hands Of Civil Engineers Shaping The World

We cannot image a world without the Civil Engineers. Civil engineers contribute the standard of living to the public and life would have been impossible on Earth without all these Civil Engineers out there. From basic residence to complicated safety units and medical facilities, all are originated from the skills of the civil engineers. With lots of advancements in construction technology, life is becoming more convenient than ever before.

Civil Engineers Concern On Safety

Construction is a complicated task. Apart from the beauty of the construction, the civil Engineer has to consider the effects of nature on the buildings too. The civil Engineers are much concerned about the safety measures of the building and the ability of the buildings to withstand the natural calamities such as earthquakes, flood and storms. Construction becomes more complicated in the construction of structures such as dams and nuclear power plants. As these structures are associated with the safety of thousands of people, the civil engineers face many challenges while constructing these structures.

Renovation of Old and Damaged Buildings

Apart from construction, the civil engineers play an important role in the renovation of old damaged structures. Renovation is considered to be more complicated when compared to the fresh construction. As renovation of existing structures has to be done without damaging the adjacent construction, the task is more challenging. However, the skilled Engineers from Greece are able to do the renovation process with ease. These Greek civil Engineers ( ) have gained enormous construction and renovation skills through their experience rather than from just bookish knowledge.

Without all these skilled civil engineers, the world would have been just a blank desert. Certainly these civil engineers are shaping the world for a better tomorrow.

An investigation is a fact finding process. It requires an Investigator/reviewer to search for, gather and examine information to establish the facts of the allegation, issue or complaint. The circumstances that surround each alleged incident or complaint make all investigations unique, however, despite variables such as location, the people involved and complexity of each case, all investigations do have similarities. This means that the basic framework for conducting any investigation should be the same. There are two types of investigations, administrative and criminal.

The two are different in that an administrative investigation can be conducted by a delegated authority and is usually employment based i.e.: an employer seeking explanation from an employee. A criminal investigation is conducted by a member of a law enforcement agency and considers breaches of the Criminal code and associated legislation and laws.

An investigation is a fact finding process. It requires an Investigator/reviewer to search for, gather and examine information to establish the facts of the allegation, issue or complaint.

Administrative is based on the balance of probabilities. An example of the ‘balance of probabilities’ is the ‘Boy Who Cried Wolf’. The town’s folk had heard the boy cry ‘Wolf’ so many times without the wolf appearing, the balance of probabilities were if the boy cried ‘Wolf’ again, there would be no wolf.

Criminal is based on the burden of proof. Using the same scenario, the town’s folk would have required ‘proof’ beyond reasonable doubt that the wolf was present. They would not have come to the boy’s assistance on his cry alone. E.g.: a photograph taken with the wolf, with the boy holding a current newspaper showing the date, plus a DNA report on wolf hair. In criminal cases, allegations against a Respondent must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. When dealing administrative investigations the civil standard of proof applies – which is lower than that required in criminal matters.

The test becomes a question as to whether or not, ‘on balance’, a reasonable person would conclude that based on the evidence presented the Respondent did commit a breach. The more serious the consequences of an adverse finding, the more onerous must be the standard of proof.’ Briginshaw Standard Within Australian in order to conduct Administrative Investigations, an investigator needs to hold an Investigator’s license as provided by the Police and Licensing Services of that State. This license is provided in accordance with the Security and other Related Activities Act. If an investigator wishes to work for themselves they must also hold an Inquiry Agent’s License. This license is obtained after providing assorted documentation to the Licensing Centre including a business plan, financial statements and successfully sitting an examination. As an Agent, the Investigator must adhere to the Act and uphold the Code of Conduct. An investigator working for an Agent also has obligations under the Act with regards to documentation, breaches and notifications. Ignorance is not an excuse, so review and study of this legislation is a necessity.

Administrative Investigations usually revolve around the alleged breach of a policy, process or procedure. To substantiate any allegation, an instrument needs to have been breached or violated. For example, if an allegation states that an employee has acted inappropriately, the breached instrument needs to be identified, such as the Code of Conduct. I.e.: It is alleged that the staff member has acted inappropriately in disrespecting a superior which is a breach as laid out in the code of conduct.

One of the main elements of any investigation is the adherence to Procedural Fairness. This term is used often but few people understand its application and true meaning. What is procedural fairness? Procedural fairness is the procedures used by the investigator rather than the actual outcome reached. Also known as Natural Justice, the principles have been developed to ensure decision-making is fair and reasonable. Natural justice is designed to ensure that people are informed about the case against them or their interests and given the right to respond, as soon as practicable. In Australia, an investigator must be licensed, adhere to the Act and Code of Conduct and ensure they follow procedural fairness when conducting investigations.

Medieval Blacksmiths has as much influence on shaping the age they lived in as they did on the metals they worked on. Medieval Europe was the time of the first great advancements in science and technology and new practices in farming, fabrication, construction and fighting were constantly being introduced. None of these would have been possible without the blacksmith.

The medieval blacksmith first came into being as a part time metal worker. In small settlements scattered all over the continent, a person with the right physique was chosen, or volunteered, to do his best in heating and shaping iron to meet the needs of the community her lived in. This was part time work to be done only when the primary duties were completed. However, as the part time iron workers skills kept improving, the demand for these goods also grew and so producing and selling metal work became a profitable profession.

As the settlements grew in size and more blacksmiths set up shop, the first guilds came into being. There guilds where more than just trade unions. They set the basics standards that the blacksmiths would work to and allowed the sharing of knowledge among the members. Although most tradesmen guilds of the time were secretive, the blacksmiths guilds were more so than most because theirs was a trade that not everyone could undertake and which also required specialized knowledge which was kept closely guarded. This gave the medieval blacksmith an important and powerful position in the society of the times. Blacksmiths had to be treated with respect or else the house builder would find his nails bending or the knight his sword breaking in battle.

The guilds adopted the apprentice approach to teaching young men the trade. Boy of 15 or so would be apprenticed to a master blacksmith and would live with him as part student and part servant. The apprentice would do all the cleaning and menial chores in both the forge and, if need be, in the blacksmiths home. He would normally live and sleep in the forge itself and would be responsible for its upkeep, cleanliness and ensuring the forge was lit and ready to use. Initially he would just observe the master blacksmith at work but slowly, as time passed would be allowed to participate in minor aspects of the forging process until such time as he could perform simple blacksmith jobs on his own. Once the master blacksmith was confident of the apprentice skills, he would be given more complex work to do, always under the supervision of his master, until such time as the master was satisfied that the apprentice had learned all that the master could teach, at which time he was allowed to go forth and set up his own forge.

The blacksmith was an important member of society and in times of civil unrest or war was allowed to live and work within the premises of the local castle, which was the most secure place. The army needed it armaments and having their blacksmiths captured or killed by the enemy meant that the armys ability to fight was severely limited. Blacksmithing was not a glamorous profession in medieval times unlike the writer, artist or knight; but his contribution to the society he lived in was as much, if not more, than those to whom he supplied his goods.

Since its discovery 20 years ago, the use of DNA for human identity and relationship testing has emerged as a powerful tool in both civil and criminal justice systems. DNA testing can reveal whether two or more individuals are related as well as determining the nature of their relationship. Today, it is possible to identify people by a single hair, as well as obtain information about their gender and ethnic background, and, within the next couple of years, identify their age.

Before the advent of DNA testing, human identity testing was largely carried out through blood typing. DNA analysis has now superseded blood testing and is the most accurate method currently available for human identification.

The possibility that DNA could be used for human identity and relationship testing had been discussed from the time DNA was first revealed as the molecule which makes people unique. Yet, it was not until the discovery of DNA fingerprinting by Prof. Alec Jeffreys (now Sir Alec) of Leicester University in 1984 when the first practical testing system became available. As with conventional fingerprinting, where various loops and whorls are compared between two fingerprints, DNA testing relies on comparing certain DNA features called DNA markers between two individuals. If DNA patterns between the samples are identical, then they are likely to come from the same person. If the profiles are not identical but big similarities are observed, then the samples most probably come from related individuals. The degree of the similarity between DNA profiles is a representation of the degree of relatedness between people.

Currently, DNA testing is routinely used for both criminal and non-criminal applications. However there is a major difference between DNA testing for civil and for criminal cases. For civil cases, DNA testing is predominantly used to determine relationship between individuals while for criminal cases a crime scene stain has to be matched to the suspect.

In non-criminal legal practice, DNA testing is used primarily for immigration and child support cases. In 2004, more than 7,000 DNA tests were conducted for these purposes in the UK. Where no reliable documentary evidence is available, DNA testing can assist in determining varying degrees of relatedness between individuals concerned, as well as individuals ethnic background.

The first time DNA testing was used for identity purposes was in the landmark immigration case Sarbah vs. Home Office (1985). In this case, DNA testing was used to prove the mother-son relationship between Christiana Sarbah and her son Andrew. Now, the Home Office accepts DNA testing as a virtually unquestionable proof of relatedness. The results will normally (although not invariably) provide conclusive evidence as to whether individuals in question are related as alleged.

UK Child Support Agency extensively uses DNA testing for establishing who the biological parent of the child is for purposes of providing child maintenance and support. Child support is one the main areas of non-criminal DNA testing.

Child adoption is another area where a DNA test for paternity is widely applied. Currently, UK adoption agencies adopt children into families which match their ethnic background. Sometimes, it is difficult to determine the ethical background of the child and here DNA testing can help. People of different races and ethnic groups have common facial and other features which are typical for this particular race or group. The same is also true for their genetic characteristics. Various racial and ethnic groups have genetic markers specific to these groups. When analysing these markers, it is possible to tell the proportion of individuals ancestors who came from specific ethnic groups. It is, however, impossible to pinpoint at what stage the particular ancestors contributed their DNA and also their number. For example, the results of ethnicity DNA testing can show that an individual has 20% of markers specific to northern Europe, 50% to the Middle East, 10% to the Mediterranean and 20% to sub-Saharan Africa. Using this information the family with the closest ethnicity to the child can be chosen.

Tekla Structures is a comprehensive CAD application for Precast Concrete Detailing. The module comes with standard features and is enhanced with relevant precast detailing functionality. Users can create detailed intelligent 3D models of concrete structures and then produce corresponding fabrication and erection 2D drawings which can be shared to all project stake-holders and participants.

Tekla Structures modeling function enables structural engineer to
# Visualize Tekla Structures models
# Create models for all structural members and profiles
# Model materials and parts
# Apply load and analyze resulting effects
# Create reinforcement models
# Mark/number parts automatically
# Explore various options for assemblies
# Create cast units of concrete parts
# Create levels of assembly hierarchy
# Provide conceptual connections
# Produce detailed concrete connections
# Find exact erection sequences
# Explore model information in 4D

Output function of Tekla enables users to
# Produce 2D concrete reinforcement drawings
# Provide bar bending schedules
# Modify drawings and reports
# Provide general arrangement drawings
# Produce steel part and assembly drawings
# Print and plot drawings and reports
# Provide assembly and part list reports

The collaboration properties enable users to
# Share same model with several users (architect, civil & structural engineer)
# Interface with other applications and disciplines
# Export or Import 2D and 3D data (DWG, DXF, DGN)
# Exchange data with production division
# Import or export external data via internet
# Publish data for design analysis

Start taking benefit of Tekla Structures features to save time, improve project efficiency and reduce overall construction cost.

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